EXPLAINER: How to respond to asphyxia from drowning?

Asphyxiation, or suffocation, occurs when the body is deprived of oxygen. It can be caused by several factors, including allergic reactions, drowning, or airway obstruction due to foreign objects.

When oxygen supply is cut off, the brain and vital organs are quickly affected, leading to unconsciousness and, in severe cases, death.

According to the American CPR Care Association, drowning occurs when water enters the lungs and prevents oxygen from reaching the bloodstream. Since the human body cannot extract oxygen from water, suffocation can set in rapidly. Drowning can happen not only in pools or open bodies of water, but even in bathtubs.

With brain damage potentially beginning within minutes of oxygen deprivation, immediate rescue and CPR are critical to survival.

What to do when someone is drowning?

A Singapore-based medical and first-aid group provides the following guidance:

• If the victim is conscious, immediately throw flotation aids such as life rings or ropes. Do not enter the water unless you are trained and capable of swimming safely.
• If the person is unconscious and not breathing, begin CPR and chest compressions immediately to help restore oxygen circulation in the body.
• During rescue, keep the head and neck as still as possible to reduce the risk of spinal injury. Support the neck using rolled towels or steady hand support while administering chest compressions.
• If the victim has been pulled from cold water, remove wet clothing immediately and wrap them in warm blankets to help prevent hypothermia.

How can drowning be prevented?

The Philippine Coast Guard advises the following safety measures:

• Avoid alcohol consumption before or during swimming or water activities
• Closely supervise children and vulnerable individuals
• Learn basic swimming and water safety skills
• Use a buddy system, especially for those with medical conditions such as seizures
• Wear properly secured life jackets
• Be aware of natural water hazards, including currents and tides

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